Resumo Esta pesquisa procura tornar evidente a conexão íntima entre desenvolvimento sustentável e concretização democrática, caracterizada aqui não apenas pelo processo eleitoral, mas também por uma relação dialógica permanente entre o estado e a sociedade civil. A ênfase da reflexão é definida no aspecto local com o objetivo de estudar formas de democratização eficaz do espaço urbano e os possíveis meios de alcançá-lo. O ponto de partida para este trabalho é a hipótese de que a cidade é um espaço e território em disputa, que reflete em expressões contrastantes, como ser o lugar de violações e negação de uma vida digna e, no entanto, um ambiente de expansão de dignidades e liberdades. Portanto, o que será analisado são as estratégias possíveis a serem elaboradas, considerando o planejamento democrático e transformando propostas institucionais, a fim de permitir a criação de um canal formal que efetivamente instrumentaliza o diálogo com a população da cidade, considerando todos os participantes do cenário, do indivíduo, para o setor privado, até que, finalmente, o poder público, que gerencia o espaço público. A pesquisa a seguir é qualitativa e dedutiva, adotando os procedimentos de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. democrática eleitoral civil alcançálo. alcançálo alcançá lo. lo alcançá-lo disputa contrastantes entanto liberdades Portanto elaboradas institucionais cenário indivíduo privado finalmente público dedutiva documental

Abstract This research seeks to make evident the intimate connection between sustainable development and democratic concretization, characterized here not only by the electoral process, but also by a permanent dialogical relation between the State and civil society. The emphasis of the reflection is set on the local aspect with the purpose of studying forms of effective democratization of the urban space, and the possible means of achieving it. The starting point for this work is the hypothesis that the city is a space and territory in dispute, which reflects in contrasting expressions such as being the place of violations and denial of a dignified life, and yet, an environment of expansion of dignities and liberties. Therefore, what will be analyzed are the possible strategies to be elaborated, considering democratic planning and transforming institutional proposals, in order to enable the creation of a formal channel which effectively instrumentalizes dialogue with city population, considering all participants of the scenario, from the individual to the private sector, up until, finally, the public power, which manages the public space. The following research is qualitative and deductive, adopting the procedures of bibliographic and documental research. concretization process society it dispute life yet liberties Therefore elaborated proposals population scenario sector until finally power deductive

Multi-flow calibration (MFC) is based on monitoring the analytical signal from a single calibration standard solution at several different nebulization gas flow rates (Q), which normalizes plasma conditions and minimizes matrix effects. In the present study, MFC was evaluated, for the first time, applied to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to analyze different and complex-matrix samples. Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn were determined by ICP OES, while As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Se, Sb, Pb, and V were determined by ICP-MS. MFC results were compared with those obtained using external standard calibration (EC) for both techniques and in all cases, MFC showed equal or superior accuracy (recoveries between 80-120%) compared to EC, and lower relative standard deviation (RSDs ≤ 10%). Several tests were also performed using only two nebulization gas flows to build linear models for calibration (called two-flow calibration, TFC) and the accurate results (recoveries ranged from 80 to 110% for ICP OES and from 81 to 102% for ICP-MS) suggests that this strategy can be also applied, resulting in a method with high sample throughput.

Over the years, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been reported in the literature as an alternative to traditional methods of analysis, becoming well established among spectroanalytical techniques. LIBS is a technique widely used for qualitative approaches; however, it is necessary considerable effort for use in quantitative analysis, mainly due to severe matrix effects. These limitations make it difficult to broaden the application of LIBS in quantitative analysis. In this sense, this review discusses recent advances in calibration strategies applied in LIBS for minimizing matrix effects and enabling determination with satisfactory accuracy and precision. Applications, advantages, and limitations of the calibration strategies, such as matrix-matching calibration (MMC), internal standardization (IS), standard addition (SA), multi-energy calibration (MEC), one-point gravimetric standard addition (OP GSA), one-point and multi-line calibration (OP MLC), slope ratio calibration (SRC), two-point calibration transfer (TP CT), single-sample calibration (SSC), multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are discussed.

Abstract The impeachment process of Dilma Roussef, in Brazil, arises from the adoption of questionable decisions in the light of Financial Law, as the use of public banks to indirectly finance public expenditure (“tax pedaling”, accounting acrobatics), which led to an imbalance in the public accounts, with consequences quite harmful for the Brazilian economy, which are felt, in the public sector and the private initiative, to the present day, and may continue for many years. In spite of everything, we cannot deny the controversial and bordering aspect of the framing of these illegalities as a crime of fiscal responsibility, which is why we cannot consider as “absurd” the views of those who recognize the presence of technical conditions for impeachment, as well as those who reject them. In any way, the fact that the decision was made by the competent organ - Congress -, under the light of the Constitution, with the control, regarding to the formal aspects, of the Supreme Federal Court, and from findings of the Court of Auditors and the Public Ministry of Accounts, shows us that it is not appropriate to affirm that there was a “coup d’etat”, since everything happened in the terms provided by the Constitution.

Resumé Le processus d´impeachment de Dilma Rousseff, au Brésil, découle de l´adoption de conduites questionnables à la lumière du Droit Financier, de l’utilisation de banques publiques pour financer indirectement les dépenses publiques (“pédalage fiscal”, acrobaties comptables), qui ont mené à un déséquilibre des comptes publics, avec des conséquences assez nuisibles pour l´économie nationale, lesquelles sont ressenties, dans le secteur public et l´initiative privée, jusqu´à nos jours, pouvant continuer durant de nombreuses années. On ne peut nier, malgré tout, l´aspect polémique et limitrophe de l´encadrement de ces ilégalités comme crime de responsabilité fiscale, raison pour laquelle on ne peut qualifier d´absurdes ou d´inopportunes les points de vue de ceux qui reconnaissent la présence de conditions techniques pour l´impeachment, comme de ceux qui les rejettent. De quelque manière que ce soit, le fait que la décision ait été prise par l´organisme compétent pour cela, sous les lumières du texte constitutionnel, avec le contrôle, en ce qui concerne les aspects formels, du Suprême Tribunal Fédéral, et à partir des constatations du Tribunal des Comptes et du Ministère Public des Comptes, nous montre qu´il n´est pas approprié d´affirmer qu´il y a eu un “coup d´État”, vu que tout s´est passé dans les termes prévus par le texte constitutionnel.

This review attempts to present a broad view of the technique laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), since its origin, fundamentals, sample preparation strategies, use of chemometric tools for data processing, the advantages and limitations with regard to qualitative and quantitative analysis, aplications and future trends as an analytical technique that is in consolidation in analytical chemistry. LIBS is a rapid and versatile, which is able of providing qualitative and quantitative analytical information for practically any sample, in a virtually non-destructive way, without any substantial sample preparation. The instrumentation is simple, robust, compact, and enables remote analysis. The advancement of the LIBS applications in the areas of agriculture, environmental, food, biological/pharmaceutical, forensic, metallurgy and electronic waste were discussed in detail in this review. We consider that this review will be an important tool concerning dissemination of the LIBS, mainly for audience of undergraduate courses, and disciplines related to instrumental analysis.

In the present work, an inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometer (ICP-MS/MS) operating in single quadrupole and mass shift modes were evaluated for As determination in mineral fertilizers and agricultural gypsum with high contents of rare earth elements. For MS/MS mode, oxygen was the gas introduced into the octopole reaction system (ORS3). Samples were prepared by microwave-assisted digestion with diluted nitric acid solution. The accuracy was checked by analysis of a fertilizer certified reference material (NIST SRM 695) and by addition and recovery experiments. When operating in single quadrupole mode, recoveries ranged from 59 to 151%; while values obtained by MS/MS mode varied from 81 to 105% when 0.30 mL min-1 O2 was introduced into the ORS3. Limits of detection for As+ in single quadrupole and AsO+ in MS/MS mass shift mode were 6 and 9 ng L-1, respectively.

A method for determination of arsenic in mineral fertilizers by continuous flow hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (CF-HG-AAS) was developed by using diluted acid and digester block with perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) tubes to sample preparation. An additional sample preparation procedure using microwave-assisted digestion was evaluated and compared with the proposed procedure. A full factorial design was applied to investigate the effect of the variables and the best conditions found were 7 mol L−1 HNO3 + 30% (m/m) H2O2 as reagents, 4 h of digestion and concentration of reagents diluted 1:1. The effect of concomitants on the analytical signal of arsenic was investigated and no one significant interference was observed, with recoveries ranged from 97 to 103%. The accuracy of proposed method was evaluated by certified reference material (NIST SRM 695) and recovery of 95% was obtained. The arsenic concentration (8.9 ± 0.2 mg kg−1) found in the fertilizer is below of maximum concentration established by Brazilian legislation.

O herpes zoster (HZ) resulta da reativação do vírus varicela-zoster (VVZ). A incidência aumenta com a idade, sendo raro em crianças saudáveis. Descrevemos um caso de HZ oftálmico numa menina de 29 meses, previamente saudável. Apresentava febre e erupção cutânea vesicular dolorosa no território oftálmico do nervo trigémio. Sem história de varicela ou vacinação anti-varicela prévias. Teve contacto intrafamiliar com varicela aos dois meses de idade. A pesquisa do vírus nas vesículas por polimerase chain reaction foi positiva. Os títulos de IgG e IgM anti-vírus varicela-zoster foram inicialmente negativos, tendo ocorrido seroconversão oito semanas depois. Medicada com aciclovir endovenoso, recuperou sem sequelas. O HZ pode ocorrer em crianças previamente saudáveis, sem evidência de varicela anterior e com serologia para VVZ negativa. Tal pode ser explicado pela imaturidade do sistema imunológico, assim como pela transferência transplacentária de anticorpos maternos, aquando da infeção primária precoce.

Herpes zoster (HZ) results from reactivation of varicella- zoster virus. HZ’s incidence increases with age and although rarely, it can affect healthy children. We describe a previously healthy 29-months-old girl with herpes zoster ophtalmicus. She presented with fever and a painful vesicular skin rash covering the right forehead. She had no past history of clinical varicella or varicella vaccination, although she had household contact with varicella at two months-old. Serologic varicella zoster virus tests were initially negative, but seroconversion occurred 8 weeks later. Polymerase chain reaction assay of the vesicles fluid was positive for the virus. Intravenous acyclovir was started and the patient recovered without sequelae. HZ may occur in an otherwise healthy young child without previous noticed varicella and with negative acute phase serology. This can be explained by the immaturity of the immune system associated with transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies affecting immunologic response to early primary infection.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer as contribuições de atividades socialmente empreendedoras da enfermagem à saúde de mulheres de uma Associação de Materiais Recicláveis. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada entre julho e dezembro/2014 com 12 mulheres de uma Associação de Materiais Recicláveis, do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados coletados antes e após as atividades, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e observação participante, foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Identificaram-se as categorias: da invisibilidade à necessidade de estímulo à saúde e viver saudável - processo dinâmico e complexo de superações diárias; da ausência de estímulo à saúde e viver saudável - o desejo de sentir-se cuidada; contribuições das atividades no estímulo do viver saudável - o significado de "sentir-se gente". Conclusão: as atividades desenvolvidas por meio do empreendedorismo social com as mulheres mostraram-se potencializadoras de autoestima, saúde/viver saudável na realidade investigada.

Abstract Objective: To know the contributions of socially entrepreneurial activities in Nursing to women participating in an Association of Recyclable Materials. Methods: An exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative approach was conducted between July and December 2014, including 12 women participating in an Association of Recyclable Materials, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil. Data were collected before and after the activities, through semi-structured interviews and participant observations, and submitted to content analysis. Results: The following categories were identified: From invisibility to the need of health and healthy living - a dynamic and complex process of daily overcoming; From the lack of encouragement to health and healthy living - the desire to feel cared of; Contributions of activities to the promotion of healthy living - the meaning of 'feeling like a person'. Conclusion: The activities developed through social entrepreneurship with women enhanced their self-esteem and health/healthy living in the context analyzed.

Resumen Objetivos: Conocer las contribuciones de las actividades socialmente emprendedoras de enfermería a la salud de mujeres de una Asociación de Materiales Reciclables en Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, cualitativa, realizada entre julio y diciembre de 2014 con 12 mujeres. Los datos recolectados antes y después de las actividades a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observación participante fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificaron las categorías: De la invisibilidad a la necesidad de estímulo a la salud y la vida saludable - proceso dinámico y complejo de superaciones diarias; De la ausencia del estímulo a la salud y la vida sana - el deseo de sentirse cuidada; Contribuciones de las actividades en la estimulación de la vida sana - el significado de "sentir gente". Conclusión: Las actividades desarrolladas a través del emprendimiento social con las mujeres demostraron potenciar la autoestima, la salud/vida saludable en la realidad investigada.

Abstract Objective: To know the contributions of socially entrepreneurial activities in Nursing to women participating in an Association of Recyclable Materials. Methods: An exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative approach was conducted between July and December 2014, including 12 women participating in an Association of Recyclable Materials, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil. Data were collected before and after the activities, through semi-structured interviews and participant observations, and submitted to content analysis. Results: The following categories were identified: From invisibility to the need of health and healthy living - a dynamic and complex process of daily overcoming; From the lack of encouragement to health and healthy living - the desire to feel cared of; Contributions of activities to the promotion of healthy living - the meaning of 'feeling like a person'. Conclusion: The activities developed through social entrepreneurship with women enhanced their self-esteem and health/healthy living in the context analyzed.

Resumen Objetivos: Conocer las contribuciones de las actividades socialmente emprendedoras de enfermería a la salud de mujeres de una Asociación de Materiales Reciclables en Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, cualitativa, realizada entre julio y diciembre de 2014 con 12 mujeres. Los datos recolectados antes y después de las actividades a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observación participante fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificaron las categorías: De la invisibilidad a la necesidad de estímulo a la salud y la vida saludable - proceso dinámico y complejo de superaciones diarias; De la ausencia del estímulo a la salud y la vida sana - el deseo de sentirse cuidada; Contribuciones de las actividades en la estimulación de la vida sana - el significado de "sentir gente". Conclusión: Las actividades desarrolladas a través del emprendimiento social con las mujeres demostraron potenciar la autoestima, la salud/vida saludable en la realidad investigada.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer as contribuições de atividades socialmente empreendedoras da enfermagem à saúde de mulheres de uma Associação de Materiais Recicláveis. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada entre julho e dezembro/2014 com 12 mulheres de uma Associação de Materiais Recicláveis, do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados coletados antes e após as atividades, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e observação participante, foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Identificaram-se as categorias: da invisibilidade à necessidade de estímulo à saúde e viver saudável - processo dinâmico e complexo de superações diárias; da ausência de estímulo à saúde e viver saudável - o desejo de sentir-se cuidada; contribuições das atividades no estímulo do viver saudável - o significado de "sentir-se gente". Conclusão: as atividades desenvolvidas por meio do empreendedorismo social com as mulheres mostraram-se potencializadoras de autoestima, saúde/viver saudável na realidade investigada.

Introduction: the inflammatory response caused by sepsis leads to metabolic changes, which may result in significant lean mass loss in septic patient. Because of this, when digestive tract is functional, nutritional therapy (NT) must be initiated within 48 hours of intensive treatment to reduce protein loss. Objective: to evaluate enteral nutritional therapy (ENT) in adult septic patients with exclusive ENT for ≥ 72 hours and length of stay ≥ 7 days in Intensive Care Unit and its relationship with clinical prognosis. Methods: we prospectively analyzed the adequacy of enteral nutrition administered, factors associated with non-conformity, gastrointestinal tolerance and outcome. Statistical tests of chi-square and Student�fs t as well as Mann-Whitney and Spearman and Pearson correlations (p < 0.05) were used. A multiple logistic regression model has been done by using the stepwise method to evaluate the association between predictors of clinical outcome. Results: 53 patients, 67.9% male and 52.8% elderly were enrolled in this study. The average time for starting ENT was 30 (23.5) hours, and 88.7% of patients achieved nutritional goal in 48 hours. The mean volume delivered in relation to prescribed was 78.9%. When the sample was stratified according to administered/ prescribed calories, patients who received < 80% had a higher mortality rate (p = 0.001) and the caloric intake . 80% was the determining factor in patients�f clinical prognosis (p = 0.021). Conclusion: septic patients received early enteral nutrition. The nutritional goal and the mean volume delivered in relation to the prescribed volume meet the intensive care guidelines. The nutritional support was associated with clinical outcome, and caloric intake ≥ 80% determining the clinical prognosis. The pauses caused by reflux were significant in the group of patients who died and it may be related to disease severity.

Introducción: la respuesta inflamatoria causada por sepsis provoca cambios metabólicos que pueden provocar una perdida de masa magra significativa en pacientes sépticos. Debido a ello, cuando el tracto digestivo es funcional la terapia nutricional (NT) debe iniciarse dentro de las 48 horas de tratamiento intensivo para reducir la perdida de proteína. Objetivo: evaluar la terapia nutricional enteral (TNE) en pacientes sépticos adultos con TNE exclusivo para ≥ 72 horas y duración de ≥ 7 días de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y su relación con el pronostico clínico. Métodos: se analizaron prospectivamente la adecuación de la nutrición enteral administrada, los factores asociados con la falta de conformidad, la tolerancia gastrointestinal y el resultado. Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas de chi-cuadrado y la t de Student, así como las correlaciones de Mann-Whitney y Spearman y Pearson (p < 0,05). Se ha realizado un modelo de regresión logística múltiple mediante el método paso a paso para evaluar la asociacion entre factores de predicción de la evolución clínica. Resultados: 53 pacientes, 67,9% hombres y 52,8% ancianos se inscribieron en este estudio. El tiempo promedio para el inicio de ENT fue de 30 (23,5) horas, y el 88,7% de los pacientes alcanzaron el objetivo nutricional en 48 horas. El volumen medio entregado en relación con el prescrito fue 78,9%. Cuando la muestra se estratifico según calorías prescritas/administradas, los pacientes que recibieron < 80% tenían una tasa de mortalidad mas alta (p = 0,001) y el consumo de calorías . 80% fue el factor determinante en el pronostico clínico de los pacientes (p = 0,021). Conclusión: los pacientes sépticos recibieron nutrición enteral precoz. El objetivo nutricional y el volumen medio entregado en relación con el volumen prescrito cumplen las directrices de cuidados intensivos. El soporte nutricional se asocio con el resultado clínico y la ingesta calórica ≥ 80% para determinar el pronostico clínico. Las pausas causadas por el reflujo fueron significativas en el grupo de pacientes que murieron y que pueden estar relacionadas con la gravedad de la enfermedad.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicação de doses crescentes (0, 10, 21 e 84 Mg de MS ha-1) de resíduo ruminal bovino (RRB) seco (90,00% MS) ou úmido (7,16% MS) com teor de nitrogênio (N) de 1,43% na MS estimando-se que apenas 33% de N do RRB seriam disponibilizados para atender à exigência da Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés de 0, 50, 100 e 400 kg N ha-1 sobre a fertilidade de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (pHágua; complexo sortivo; P, N e matéria orgânica) após 30 dias da adubação orgânica e sobre a produção de biomassa (BIO) seca, altura, teores de nitrogênio (N) e proteína bruta (PB) após 60 e 120 dias de cultivo do capim Xaraés. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro doses de adubação de RRB e duas condições de matéria seca do RRB) com três repetições. A aplicação de doses crescentes de RRB seco ou úmido aumentou de forma linear (p < 0,05), os teores de N, P, K+ e matéria orgânica do solo. As diferentes doses de RRB seco ou úmido aumentaram linearmente (p < 0,05) a BIO seca, os teores de N e PB do capim Xaraés após 60 dias de cultivo, embora se tenha observado comportamento quadrático (p < 0,05) para os teores de N e PB do capim Xaraés após 120 dias de cultivo. Desta maneira, a Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés apresenta maior produção de BIO seca, independente da época de corte e da condição de MS do RRB no momento da aplicação.

This study evaluated the application of increasing doses (0, 10, 21 and 84 Mg ha-1) of the dried bovine rumen residue (BRR) (90.00% DM) or wet (7.16% DM) with nitrogen content (N) of 1.43% in the DM, considering that only 33% of N of the BRR would be available to meet the requirement of Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés of 0, 50, 100 and 400 kg N ha-1, on the fertility of an Oxisol (pH in water, exchangeable cations, P, N and organic matter) after 30 days of organic fertilization and on the production of dry biomass (BIO), height, levels of nitrogen (N) and crude protein (CP) after 60 and 120 days of cultivation of the Xaraés. A completely randomized design was used in 4 x 2 factorial (four doses of fertilizer BRR and two conditions of RRB dry matter) with three replications. The application of increasing doses of dry or wet BRR increased linearly (p < 0.05) the levels of N, P, K and organic matter of soil. Different doses of dry or wet BRR increased linearly (p <0.05) the dry BIO, the contents of N and CP of the grass Xaraés after 60 days of cultivation, but a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) was verified for the contents of N and CP of the grass Xaraés after 120 days of cultivation. Thus, the Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés presented higher production of dry BIO, regardless of the harvest period and the condition of the DM of BRR at the application time.

Líquen nítido é uma dermatose rara, caracterizada por pápulas arredondadas normocrômicas de diâmetro, variando entre 1-2 mm, e geralmente assintomáticas. Sem predileção por sexo ou raça, acomete, principalmente, crianças e adultos jovens, na maioria dos casos, possuindo curso clínico imprevisível e tendendo à regressão espontânea, anos após o início da doença. As lesões são em geral localizadas, mas raros relatos da doença cursando com lesões disseminadas existem.

Lichen nitidus is a rare dermatosis, characterized by round, skin-colored papules whose size varies between 1-2 mm and are generally asymptomatic. It does not have predilection for gender or race, affecting mainly children and young adults. Its clinical course is unpredictable, but most cases tend to spontaneously regress years after the onset of the disease. Lesions are often localized, but rare reports of disseminated disease exist.

O Ministério da Saúde brasileiro determina a realização de testes sorológicos para HIV 1 e 2, HTLV I e II, HCV, HBV, T. cruzi, T. pallidum e Plasmodium nas áreas endêmicas, em todas as bolsas de coleta de sangue utilizadas no País. Entretanto, as doenças infecciosas transmissíveis através do sangue não são investigadas nos receptores de sangue (RS) antes da transfusão. Neste estudo, realizamos uma avaliação sorológica dos RS anterior à transfusão. Amostras de soro de 159 RS foram analisadas aplicando-se os mesmos testes utilizados na triagem sorológica dos doadores de sangue. Os RS foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 (G1), pacientes que nunca receberam sangue, Grupo 2 (G2), pacientes politransfundidos e Grupo 3 (G3) receptores eventuais. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se o programa SPSS v.8. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significantes. Os resultados mostraram que 62 RS apresentaram positividade para uma ou mais doenças infecciosas transmissíveis pelo sangue. Além disso, vários RS desconheciam seu estado sorológico anterior à transfusão. A identificação de doenças infecciosas transmissíveis pelo sangue em RS anterior à transfusão poderia evitar a responsabilidade do Estado pelos RS que desconheciam ser portadores de tais doenças e apenas tiveram conhecimento de sua contaminação após a transfusão.

The Brazilian Ministry of Health has made tests for HIV1 and HIV2, HTLV I and HTLV II, HCV, HBV, T. cruzi, T. pallidum and Plasmodium in endemic areas, mandatory for all blood collection bags used in the country. However, blood-borne infectious diseases are not investigated in blood recipients before transfusion. For this study, a serological evaluation of recipients before transfusion was carried out. Prior to transfusion, serum samples from 159 blood recipients were analyzed using the same tests used in the serological screening of blood donors. The blood recipients were divided into three groups: Group 1 (G1), patients who had never received blood, Group 2 (G2), patients who had received multiple transfusions and Group 3 (G3) one-off recipients. SPSS v.8 was used for statistical analysis. Values of p<0.05 were taken to be significant. The results showed that 62 blood recipients tested positively for one or more blood-borne infectious diseases. In addition, several recipients were unaware of their serological status before the transfusion. The identification of blood-borne infectious diseases in recipients before transfusion could avoid the State being held responsible by recipients who were unaware that they were carriers of such diseases and only found out about their contamination after transfusion.

As lesões observadas na cardiopatia chagásica crônica frequentemente produzem alterações eletrocardiográficas e afetam a função cardíaca. Através de uma análise morfométrica computadorizada nós quantificamos as áreas ocupadas por músculo cardíaco, tecido conjuntivo fibroso e tecido adiposo no átrio direito de cães experimentalmente infectados pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. Todos os cães infectados apresentaram miocardite crônica fibrosante com graus variáveis de redução de músculo cardíaco, fibrose e substituição por tecido adiposo. No miocárdio atrial dos cães infectados pelas cepas Be78 e Be62 foram observados 34 e 50% de músculo cardíaco, 28 e 32% de fibrose e, 38 e 18% de tecido adiposo, respectivamente. A fibrose observada era tanto difusa quanto focal e, principalmente intrafascicular interrompendo total ou parcialmente o percurso dos feixes musculares. Tais alterações histológicas provavelmente contribuiram para o surgimento dos distúrbios eletrocardiográficos verificados em 10 dos 11 cães estudados e que são comuns na cardiopatia chagásica crônica humana. De todos os achados microscópicos encontrados, a fibrose foi a mais importante por produzir rearranjos na fibras colágenas em relação aos miocardiócitos, modificando a fisionomia anatômica e o comportamento mecânico do miocárdio. Tais anormalidades estruturais podem contribuir para o surgimento à disfunção cardíaca, arritmias e à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva como verificado em dois cães analisados. A cepa Be78 produziu uma destruição de músculo cardíaco atrial estatisticamente superior à induzida pela cepa Be62.

Lesions observed in chronic chagasic cardiopathy frequently produce electrocardiographic alterations and affect cardiac function. Through a computerized morphometrical analysis we quantified the areas occupied by cardiac muscle, connective and adipose tissues in the right atrium of dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. All of the infected dogs showed chronic myocarditis with variable reduction levels of cardiac muscle, fibrosis and adipose tissue replacement. In the atrial myocardium of dogs infected with Be78 and Be62 cardiac muscle represented 34 and 50%, fibrosis 28 and 32% and adipose tissue 38 and 18%, respectively. The fibrosis observed was both diffuse and focal and mostly intrafascicular, either partially or completely interrupting the path of muscle bundles. Such histological alterations probably contributed to the appearance of electrocardiographic disturbances verified in 10 out 11 dogs which are also common in human chronic chagasic cardiopathy. Fibrosis was the most important microscopic occurrence found since it produces rearrangements of collagen fibers in relation to myocardiocytes which causes changes in anatomical physiognomy and mechanical behavior of the myocardium. These abnormalities can contribute to the appearance of cardiac malfunction, arrythmias and congestive cardiac insufficiency as observed in two of the analyzed dogs. Strain Be78 caused destruction of atrial cardiac muscle higher than that induced by strain Be62.